In these lessons we made our presentations.The presentations were generally about our disciplines but we were free to choose the topic from our disciplines.We had chosen cotton as our presentation topic with my friend and we had prepared information, general properties,uses of cotton and some other pages for the presentation.Some of the other classmates topics were about global warming,auto design,laboratory,animal fibres etc.It was a beneficial lesson because I think I learned different things about different disciplines.
For example,I saw different kinds of auto designes picture,history of autos pictures.I also learned how I must be so careful while trying to do an experiment in the laboratory through one group talked about laboratory.We completed the charts which Gari gave us in the beginning of the lesson.We marked points to all groups taking into consideration their expressing skills,grammar falses,pronounciation abilities,if their topic that they had chosen is interesting or not etc.
To sum up the lesson was so good.
Thanks...
8 Haziran 2007 Cuma
Pollution
Pollution is the introduction of substances or energy into the environment, resulting in deleterious effects of such a nature as to endanger human health, harm living resources and ecosystems, and impair or interfere with amenities and other legitimate uses of the environment.The major forms of pollution include:
Air pollution, the release of chemicals and particulates into the atmosphere. Common examples include carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons(CFCs), and nitrogen oxides produced by industry and motor vehicles. Photochemical ozone and smog are created as nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons react to sunlight.
Water pollution via surface runoff and leaching to groundwater.
Soil contamination occurs when chemicals are released by spill or underground storage tank leakage. Among the most significant soil contaminants are hydrocarbons, heavy metals, MTBE, herbicides, pesticides and chlorinated hydrocarbons.
Radioactive contamination, added in the wake of 20th-century discoveries in atomic physics.
Noise pollution, which encompasses roadway noise, aircraft noise, industrial noise as well as high-intensity sonar.
Light pollution, includes light trespass, over-illumination and astronomical interference.
Visual pollution, which can refer to the presence of overhead power lines, motorway billboards, scarred landforms (as from strip mining), open storage of trash or municipal solid waste.
Thermal Pollution, is a temperature change in natural water bodies caused by human influence.
Sources and causes:
Air pollution
Motor vehicle emissions are one of the leading causes of air pollution.China, United States, Russia, Mexico, and Japan are the world leaders in air pollution emissions; however, Canada is the number two country, ranked per capita. Principal stationary pollution sources include chemical plants, coal-fired power plants, oil refineries,petrochemical plants, nuclear waste disposal activity, incinerators, large livestock farms (dairy cows, pigs, poultry, etc.), PVC factories, metals production factories, plastics factories, and other heavy industry.
Some of the more common soil contaminants are chlorinated hydrocarbons (CFH), heavy metals (such as chromium, cadmium--found in rechargeable batteries, and lead--found in lead paint, aviation fuel and still in some countries, gasoline), MTBE, zinc, arsenic and benzene. Ordinary municipal landfills are the source of many chemical substances entering the soil environment (and often groundwater), emanating from the wide variety of refuse accepted, especially substances illegally discarded there, or from pre-1970 landfills that may have been subject to little control in the U.S. or EU.
Pollution can also be the consequence of a natural disaster. For example, hurricanes often involve water contamination from sewage, and petrochemical spills from ruptured boats or automobiles. Larger scale and environmental damage is not uncommon when coastal oil rigs or refineries are involved. Some sources of pollution, such as nuclear power plants or oil tankers, can produce widespread and potentially hazardous releases when accidents occur.
In the case of noise pollution the dominant source class is the motor vehicle, producing about ninety percent of all unwanted noise worldwide.
REGULATION AND MONITORING
To protect the environment from the adverse effects of pollution, many nations worldwide have enacted legislation to regulate various types of pollution as well as to mitigate the adverse effects of pollution.
United States
The United States Environmental Protection Agency(EPA) established threshold standards for air pollutants to protect human health on January 1, 1970 One of the ratings chemicals are given is carcinogenicity. In addition to the classification "unknown", designated levels range from non-carcinogen, to likely and known carcinogen. Some scientists have said that the concentrations which most of these levels indicate are far too high and the exposure of people should be less. In 1999, the United States EPA replaced the Pollution Standards Index (PSI) with the Air Quality Index(AQI) to incorporate new PM2.5 and Ozone standards.
The United States Congress passed the Clean Air Act in 1963 to legislate the reduction of smog and atmospheric pollution in general. That legislation has subsequently been amended and extended in 1966, 1970, 1977 and 1990. Numerous state and local governments have enacted similar legislation either implementing or filling in locally important gaps in the national program. The national Clean Air Act and similar state legislative acts have led to the widespread use of atmospheric dispersion modeling in order to analyze the air quality impacts of proposed major actions.
Passage of the Clean Water Act amendments of 1977 required strict permitting for any contaminant discharge to navigable waters, and also required use of best management practices for a wide range of other water discharges including thermal pollution.
Passage of the Noise Control Act established mechanisms of setting emission standards for virtually every source of noise including motor vehicles, aircraft, certain types of HVAC equipment and major appliances. It also put local government on notice as to their responsibilities in land use planning to address noise mitigation. This noise regulation framework comprised a broad data base detailing the extent of noise health effects.
The state of California's Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA) has maintained an independent list of substances with product labeling requirements as part of Proposition 65 since 1986.
The U.S. has a maximum fine of US$25,000 for dumping toxic waste. However, many large manufacturers decline to dispute violations, as they can easily afford the fine.
Europe
Noticeable pollution in Bordeaux
Generally the European countries lagged significantly behind the United States in meaningful environmental regulation, including air quality standards, water quality standards, soil contamination cleanup, indoor air quality and noise regulations.Despite this, European pollution output is far lower than that of the USA. In the year 2000, UK Air Quality Regulations were established and they were further amended in 2002. There has also been British harmonization with EU regulations.
The EU is presently entertaining use of the (possibly carcinogenic) MTBE as a widespread gasoline additive, a chemical which has been in the process of phaseout in the U.S. for over a decade.
The United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom, it took until the 1840s to bring onto the statute books legislation to control water pollution. It was extended to all rivers and coastal water by 1961. However, currently the clean up of historic contamination is controlled under a specific statutory scheme found in Part IIA of the Environmental Protection Act 1990 (Part IIA), as inserted by the Environment Act 1995, and other ‘rules’ found in regulations and statutory guidance. The Act came into force in England in April 2000.
Within the current regulatory framework, Pollution Prevention and Control (PPC) is a regime for controlling pollution from certain industrial activities. The regime introduces the concept of Best Available Techniques ("BAT") to environmental regulations. Operators must use the BAT to control pollution from their industrial activities to prevent, and where that is not practicable, to reduce to acceptable levels, pollution to air, land and water from industrial activities. The Best Available Techniques also aim to balance the cost to the operator against benefits to the environment. The system of Pollution Prevention and Control is replacing that of Integrated Pollution Control (IPC) (which was established by the Environmental Protection Act 1990) and is taking effect between 2000 and 2007. The Pollution Prevention and Control regime implements the European Directive (EC/96/61) on integrated pollution prevention and control.
China
China's rapid industrialization has substantially increased pollution. China has some relevant regulations: the 1979 Environmental Protection Law, which was largely modelled on U.S. legislation. But the environment continues to deteriorate.Twelve years after the law, only one Chinese city was making an effort to clean up its water discharges.This indicates that China is about 30 years behind the U.S. schedule of environmental regulation and 10 to 20 years behind Europe.
International
The Kyoto Protocol is an amendment to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change(UNFCCC), an international treaty on global warming. It also reaffirms sections of the UNFCCC. Countries which ratify this protocol commit to reduce their emissions of carbon dioxide and five other greenhouse gases, or engage in emissions trading if they maintain or increase emissions of these gases. A total of 141 countries have ratified the agreement. Notable exceptions include the United States and Australia, who have signed but not ratified the agreement. The stated reason for the United States not ratifying is the exemption of large emitters of greenhouse gases who are also developing countries, like China and India.
Air pollution, the release of chemicals and particulates into the atmosphere. Common examples include carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons(CFCs), and nitrogen oxides produced by industry and motor vehicles. Photochemical ozone and smog are created as nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons react to sunlight.
Water pollution via surface runoff and leaching to groundwater.
Soil contamination occurs when chemicals are released by spill or underground storage tank leakage. Among the most significant soil contaminants are hydrocarbons, heavy metals, MTBE, herbicides, pesticides and chlorinated hydrocarbons.
Radioactive contamination, added in the wake of 20th-century discoveries in atomic physics.
Noise pollution, which encompasses roadway noise, aircraft noise, industrial noise as well as high-intensity sonar.
Light pollution, includes light trespass, over-illumination and astronomical interference.
Visual pollution, which can refer to the presence of overhead power lines, motorway billboards, scarred landforms (as from strip mining), open storage of trash or municipal solid waste.
Thermal Pollution, is a temperature change in natural water bodies caused by human influence.
Sources and causes:
Air pollution
Motor vehicle emissions are one of the leading causes of air pollution.China, United States, Russia, Mexico, and Japan are the world leaders in air pollution emissions; however, Canada is the number two country, ranked per capita. Principal stationary pollution sources include chemical plants, coal-fired power plants, oil refineries,petrochemical plants, nuclear waste disposal activity, incinerators, large livestock farms (dairy cows, pigs, poultry, etc.), PVC factories, metals production factories, plastics factories, and other heavy industry.
Some of the more common soil contaminants are chlorinated hydrocarbons (CFH), heavy metals (such as chromium, cadmium--found in rechargeable batteries, and lead--found in lead paint, aviation fuel and still in some countries, gasoline), MTBE, zinc, arsenic and benzene. Ordinary municipal landfills are the source of many chemical substances entering the soil environment (and often groundwater), emanating from the wide variety of refuse accepted, especially substances illegally discarded there, or from pre-1970 landfills that may have been subject to little control in the U.S. or EU.
Pollution can also be the consequence of a natural disaster. For example, hurricanes often involve water contamination from sewage, and petrochemical spills from ruptured boats or automobiles. Larger scale and environmental damage is not uncommon when coastal oil rigs or refineries are involved. Some sources of pollution, such as nuclear power plants or oil tankers, can produce widespread and potentially hazardous releases when accidents occur.
In the case of noise pollution the dominant source class is the motor vehicle, producing about ninety percent of all unwanted noise worldwide.
REGULATION AND MONITORING
To protect the environment from the adverse effects of pollution, many nations worldwide have enacted legislation to regulate various types of pollution as well as to mitigate the adverse effects of pollution.
United States
The United States Environmental Protection Agency(EPA) established threshold standards for air pollutants to protect human health on January 1, 1970 One of the ratings chemicals are given is carcinogenicity. In addition to the classification "unknown", designated levels range from non-carcinogen, to likely and known carcinogen. Some scientists have said that the concentrations which most of these levels indicate are far too high and the exposure of people should be less. In 1999, the United States EPA replaced the Pollution Standards Index (PSI) with the Air Quality Index(AQI) to incorporate new PM2.5 and Ozone standards.
The United States Congress passed the Clean Air Act in 1963 to legislate the reduction of smog and atmospheric pollution in general. That legislation has subsequently been amended and extended in 1966, 1970, 1977 and 1990. Numerous state and local governments have enacted similar legislation either implementing or filling in locally important gaps in the national program. The national Clean Air Act and similar state legislative acts have led to the widespread use of atmospheric dispersion modeling in order to analyze the air quality impacts of proposed major actions.
Passage of the Clean Water Act amendments of 1977 required strict permitting for any contaminant discharge to navigable waters, and also required use of best management practices for a wide range of other water discharges including thermal pollution.
Passage of the Noise Control Act established mechanisms of setting emission standards for virtually every source of noise including motor vehicles, aircraft, certain types of HVAC equipment and major appliances. It also put local government on notice as to their responsibilities in land use planning to address noise mitigation. This noise regulation framework comprised a broad data base detailing the extent of noise health effects.
The state of California's Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA) has maintained an independent list of substances with product labeling requirements as part of Proposition 65 since 1986.
The U.S. has a maximum fine of US$25,000 for dumping toxic waste. However, many large manufacturers decline to dispute violations, as they can easily afford the fine.
Europe
Noticeable pollution in Bordeaux
Generally the European countries lagged significantly behind the United States in meaningful environmental regulation, including air quality standards, water quality standards, soil contamination cleanup, indoor air quality and noise regulations.Despite this, European pollution output is far lower than that of the USA. In the year 2000, UK Air Quality Regulations were established and they were further amended in 2002. There has also been British harmonization with EU regulations.
The EU is presently entertaining use of the (possibly carcinogenic) MTBE as a widespread gasoline additive, a chemical which has been in the process of phaseout in the U.S. for over a decade.
The United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom, it took until the 1840s to bring onto the statute books legislation to control water pollution. It was extended to all rivers and coastal water by 1961. However, currently the clean up of historic contamination is controlled under a specific statutory scheme found in Part IIA of the Environmental Protection Act 1990 (Part IIA), as inserted by the Environment Act 1995, and other ‘rules’ found in regulations and statutory guidance. The Act came into force in England in April 2000.
Within the current regulatory framework, Pollution Prevention and Control (PPC) is a regime for controlling pollution from certain industrial activities. The regime introduces the concept of Best Available Techniques ("BAT") to environmental regulations. Operators must use the BAT to control pollution from their industrial activities to prevent, and where that is not practicable, to reduce to acceptable levels, pollution to air, land and water from industrial activities. The Best Available Techniques also aim to balance the cost to the operator against benefits to the environment. The system of Pollution Prevention and Control is replacing that of Integrated Pollution Control (IPC) (which was established by the Environmental Protection Act 1990) and is taking effect between 2000 and 2007. The Pollution Prevention and Control regime implements the European Directive (EC/96/61) on integrated pollution prevention and control.
China
China's rapid industrialization has substantially increased pollution. China has some relevant regulations: the 1979 Environmental Protection Law, which was largely modelled on U.S. legislation. But the environment continues to deteriorate.Twelve years after the law, only one Chinese city was making an effort to clean up its water discharges.This indicates that China is about 30 years behind the U.S. schedule of environmental regulation and 10 to 20 years behind Europe.
International
The Kyoto Protocol is an amendment to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change(UNFCCC), an international treaty on global warming. It also reaffirms sections of the UNFCCC. Countries which ratify this protocol commit to reduce their emissions of carbon dioxide and five other greenhouse gases, or engage in emissions trading if they maintain or increase emissions of these gases. A total of 141 countries have ratified the agreement. Notable exceptions include the United States and Australia, who have signed but not ratified the agreement. The stated reason for the United States not ratifying is the exemption of large emitters of greenhouse gases who are also developing countries, like China and India.
And the final exam...
Today it was the last day of the technical english lesson and we had the final exam.I think it was quite difficult but in my opinion every moment of this lesson was so good with Gari and Anna and with my classmates.We did lots of exercise,practice about grammar and presentations with Anna and Gari.I learned new words,how to pronounciate them,technical informations about materials,business,energy sources,communication system etc.Also I know how to write request and reply letters correctly,their order form etc. now.And also in the presentation lessons I learned some main informations from my class mates who study in the other disciplines.It's beneficial for all of us.Everything was beautiful...
GOODBYE SPAIN..
GOODBYE SPAIN..
Telephone conversation
Hi everybody!!!
I couldn't join to this lesson.But I asked my friends about the lesson.They said that the lesson was about telephone conversation.I am writing below my telephone conversation example.
Gokhan: Hello, this is Gokhan Guripek calling. Could I speak to David Jackson?
His asistant:Just one moment. David Jackson?I am afraid he is tied up at the moment. Shall I ask him to ring you back?
Gokhan:Could you put me through to his secretary?
His asistant:I am afraid she is tied up too.
Gokhan:Oh ok. May I make an appointment for tomorrow?
His asistant:I am afraid he will not be here tomorrow. How about on wednesday evening at 16.00 p.m?
Gokhan:That would be fine.
His asistant:Good. So that is Gokhan Guripek on Thursday the 9th at 17:00 p.m., then.
Gokhan:Thank you very much.
His asistant:Goodbye.
I couldn't join to this lesson.But I asked my friends about the lesson.They said that the lesson was about telephone conversation.I am writing below my telephone conversation example.
Gokhan: Hello, this is Gokhan Guripek calling. Could I speak to David Jackson?
His asistant:Just one moment. David Jackson?I am afraid he is tied up at the moment. Shall I ask him to ring you back?
Gokhan:Could you put me through to his secretary?
His asistant:I am afraid she is tied up too.
Gokhan:Oh ok. May I make an appointment for tomorrow?
His asistant:I am afraid he will not be here tomorrow. How about on wednesday evening at 16.00 p.m?
Gokhan:That would be fine.
His asistant:Good. So that is Gokhan Guripek on Thursday the 9th at 17:00 p.m., then.
Gokhan:Thank you very much.
His asistant:Goodbye.
Computers..How do they work?
Hi everybody!Do you wonder how computers work too? Well,let's talk about it...
We always hear these two words in computer talkings:Software and Hardware.Let's explain what they mean..
To complet a task using a computer, you need a combination of hardware, software, and input.
*Hardware consists of devices, like the computer itself, the monitor, keyboard, printer, mouse and speakers. Inside your computer there are more bits of hardware, including the motherboard, where you would find the main processing chips that make up the central processing unit (CPU). The hardware processes the commands it receives from the software, and performs tasks or calculations.
*Software is the name given to the programs that you install on the computer to perform certain types of activities. There is operating system software, such as the Apple OS for a Macintosh, or Windows 95 or Windows 98 for a PC. There is also application software, like the games we play or the tools we use to compose letters or do math problems.
And the others:
First, you provide input when you turn on the computer. Then the system software tells the CPU to start up certain programs and to turn on some hardware devices so that they are ready for more input from you. This whole process is called booting up.The next step happens when you choose a program you want to use. You click on the icon or enter a command to start the program. Let's use the example of an Internet browser. Once the program has started, it is ready for your instructions. You either enter an address (called a URL, which stands for Uniform Resource Locator), or click on an address you've saved already. In either case, the computer now knows what you want it to do. The browser software then goes out to find that address, starting up other hardware devices, such as a modem, when it needs them. If it is able to find the correct address, the browser will then tell your computer to send the information from the web page over the phone wire or cable to your computer. Eventually, you see the web site you were looking for.
We always hear these two words in computer talkings:Software and Hardware.Let's explain what they mean..
To complet a task using a computer, you need a combination of hardware, software, and input.
*Hardware consists of devices, like the computer itself, the monitor, keyboard, printer, mouse and speakers. Inside your computer there are more bits of hardware, including the motherboard, where you would find the main processing chips that make up the central processing unit (CPU). The hardware processes the commands it receives from the software, and performs tasks or calculations.
*Software is the name given to the programs that you install on the computer to perform certain types of activities. There is operating system software, such as the Apple OS for a Macintosh, or Windows 95 or Windows 98 for a PC. There is also application software, like the games we play or the tools we use to compose letters or do math problems.
And the others:
First, you provide input when you turn on the computer. Then the system software tells the CPU to start up certain programs and to turn on some hardware devices so that they are ready for more input from you. This whole process is called booting up.The next step happens when you choose a program you want to use. You click on the icon or enter a command to start the program. Let's use the example of an Internet browser. Once the program has started, it is ready for your instructions. You either enter an address (called a URL, which stands for Uniform Resource Locator), or click on an address you've saved already. In either case, the computer now knows what you want it to do. The browser software then goes out to find that address, starting up other hardware devices, such as a modem, when it needs them. If it is able to find the correct address, the browser will then tell your computer to send the information from the web page over the phone wire or cable to your computer. Eventually, you see the web site you were looking for.
7 Haziran 2007 Perşembe
Solar energy
Solar energy is viewed as the clean and renewable source of energy for the future. Solar energy can be derived directly as in the following examples:
Sunlight hits a photovoltaic cell (also called a photoelectric cell or solar cell) creating electricity.
Sunlight hits the dark absorber surface of a solar thermal collector and the surface warms. The heat energy is carried away by a fluid circuit.
Sunlight strikes a solar sail on a space craft and is converted directly into a force on the sail which causes motion of the craft.
Sunlight strikes a light mill and causes the vanes to rotate, although little practical application has yet been found for this effect.
Sunlight is focused on an externally mounted fibre optic cable which conducts sunlight into building interiors to supplement lighting.
Most solar energy used today is harnessed as heat or electricity. Technologies that enable the use of solar energy may be grouped as below:
Solar design is the use of architectural features to replace the use of grid electricity and fossil fuels with the use of solar energy and decrease the energy needed in a home or building with insulation and efficient lighting and appliances.
Solar heating systems are generally composed of solar thermal collectors, a fluid system to move the heat from the collector to its point of usage, and a reservoir to stock the heat for subsequent use.
Solar cells, also referred to as photovoltaic cells, are devices or banks of devices that use the photovoltaic effect of semiconductors to generate electricity directly from sunlight.
Sunlight hits a photovoltaic cell (also called a photoelectric cell or solar cell) creating electricity.
Sunlight hits the dark absorber surface of a solar thermal collector and the surface warms. The heat energy is carried away by a fluid circuit.
Sunlight strikes a solar sail on a space craft and is converted directly into a force on the sail which causes motion of the craft.
Sunlight strikes a light mill and causes the vanes to rotate, although little practical application has yet been found for this effect.
Sunlight is focused on an externally mounted fibre optic cable which conducts sunlight into building interiors to supplement lighting.
Most solar energy used today is harnessed as heat or electricity. Technologies that enable the use of solar energy may be grouped as below:
Solar design is the use of architectural features to replace the use of grid electricity and fossil fuels with the use of solar energy and decrease the energy needed in a home or building with insulation and efficient lighting and appliances.
Solar heating systems are generally composed of solar thermal collectors, a fluid system to move the heat from the collector to its point of usage, and a reservoir to stock the heat for subsequent use.
Solar cells, also referred to as photovoltaic cells, are devices or banks of devices that use the photovoltaic effect of semiconductors to generate electricity directly from sunlight.
A computer system-Exercise
We did a lesson with Mr.Gari and he gave us this exercise as a homework on page 4.
1) The main part of a computer system is (C.P.U) central processing unit, which contains three important equipment to work directly. These are called Control Unit, Arithmetic and Logic Unit and Main Memory.
2) The Arithmetic and Logic Unit gets common pulses from the control unit and it serves as an interface between the peripheral units and the main main memory. It contains wired operators and registers and they deal with calgulations.
3) The main memory stores the data being processed and the program controls the processing. Although being like that, there is some differences between main memory and back-up storage. Back-up storage saves large quantities of data on media such as magnetic tapes that may be removed from the C.P.U and we can get information when we want to have it from it.
4) We can give two examples for back-up storage for instant magnetic disks and magnetic tapes. We can save or store large quantities of data on such as them.
5) A front front-end processor controls the flow of data between C.P.U and various peripherals devices.
6) Peripheral units surround the C.P.U. For instance,several input peripherals, output peripherals and also input and output peripherals.
7) I/O devices are input/output peripherals. Input peripherals convey the data from the external world to the Central Processing Unit. Output peripherals give the results of the processing of data on devices. For example printers are the most common output devices.
8) We can use these words for peripherals. Online peripherals devices directly connected to the CPU as opposed to offline peripherals ( e.g. card-punches).
9) Data acquisition consists of editing raw data so that it can be fed into a computer in a form the computer can recognise.
10) After being recognised by computer, the data is processed and the results either printed or displayed on a screen. These are called hard copy and soft copy.
11) A mainframe system is protected against a power cut. A power cut can result in the breakdown of the computer also the loss of all data, which is being processed.
12) An efficient system should have air-conditioning and dust must be kept to a minimum. Also it must regulate fluctuation in voltage from the mains supply.
1) The main part of a computer system is (C.P.U) central processing unit, which contains three important equipment to work directly. These are called Control Unit, Arithmetic and Logic Unit and Main Memory.
2) The Arithmetic and Logic Unit gets common pulses from the control unit and it serves as an interface between the peripheral units and the main main memory. It contains wired operators and registers and they deal with calgulations.
3) The main memory stores the data being processed and the program controls the processing. Although being like that, there is some differences between main memory and back-up storage. Back-up storage saves large quantities of data on media such as magnetic tapes that may be removed from the C.P.U and we can get information when we want to have it from it.
4) We can give two examples for back-up storage for instant magnetic disks and magnetic tapes. We can save or store large quantities of data on such as them.
5) A front front-end processor controls the flow of data between C.P.U and various peripherals devices.
6) Peripheral units surround the C.P.U. For instance,several input peripherals, output peripherals and also input and output peripherals.
7) I/O devices are input/output peripherals. Input peripherals convey the data from the external world to the Central Processing Unit. Output peripherals give the results of the processing of data on devices. For example printers are the most common output devices.
8) We can use these words for peripherals. Online peripherals devices directly connected to the CPU as opposed to offline peripherals ( e.g. card-punches).
9) Data acquisition consists of editing raw data so that it can be fed into a computer in a form the computer can recognise.
10) After being recognised by computer, the data is processed and the results either printed or displayed on a screen. These are called hard copy and soft copy.
11) A mainframe system is protected against a power cut. A power cut can result in the breakdown of the computer also the loss of all data, which is being processed.
12) An efficient system should have air-conditioning and dust must be kept to a minimum. Also it must regulate fluctuation in voltage from the mains supply.
Presentation
It was the lesson that we were going to do our presentation with my friend.Our presentation's topic was textile engineering.We also explained what the engineering is and what engineers in our presentation.
Firstly,we tried to explain what the textile engineering is and where textile engineers work.I want to tell you some of the main points of our presentation.
Generally engineering is about problem solving, creation of devices, structures for human use and also applies technology for societies' needs or desires. Engineers create new ideas and then transform these ideas into products.
However we use textile word like fabric, cloth and material to describe textiles. They can be made from many materials. Fiber is the main component of textile and after using fiber, we can get yarns, woven or knitted fabrics and nonwoven surfaces.
Therefore the engineers can work at the factories, laboratories about weaving, knitting and dying.When all the groups finished their presentations our teacher mentioned how to do a good presentation so we learned a good presentation at first should contain good starting and good introduction.
At the point of beginning to a presentation; the speaker must say greeting, his/her name and position to the audience. Although it would be a good idea to begin the talk with a question. Also he/she should say or explain the title of the subject and his/her propose to the audiences.In addition to that another important thing is how many minutes the speaker will that without getting bored the audiences. Generally it depends on the subject but it would be a good moment for example 15 minutes and enough for our presentation in the class.
Also at our powerpoint document, the back fund (background) is important to take attention by the audience. Here we should choose the right colour (ex.the light writing + dark background or the dark writing+ light background) to get achievement.Finally at the lesson I learned too much things about the presentation. Thanks…
Firstly,we tried to explain what the textile engineering is and where textile engineers work.I want to tell you some of the main points of our presentation.
Generally engineering is about problem solving, creation of devices, structures for human use and also applies technology for societies' needs or desires. Engineers create new ideas and then transform these ideas into products.
However we use textile word like fabric, cloth and material to describe textiles. They can be made from many materials. Fiber is the main component of textile and after using fiber, we can get yarns, woven or knitted fabrics and nonwoven surfaces.
Therefore the engineers can work at the factories, laboratories about weaving, knitting and dying.When all the groups finished their presentations our teacher mentioned how to do a good presentation so we learned a good presentation at first should contain good starting and good introduction.
At the point of beginning to a presentation; the speaker must say greeting, his/her name and position to the audience. Although it would be a good idea to begin the talk with a question. Also he/she should say or explain the title of the subject and his/her propose to the audiences.In addition to that another important thing is how many minutes the speaker will that without getting bored the audiences. Generally it depends on the subject but it would be a good moment for example 15 minutes and enough for our presentation in the class.
Also at our powerpoint document, the back fund (background) is important to take attention by the audience. Here we should choose the right colour (ex.the light writing + dark background or the dark writing+ light background) to get achievement.Finally at the lesson I learned too much things about the presentation. Thanks…
5 Haziran 2007 Salı
Rover south works
We watched a video in the lesson with Ms.Anna Boetella, and it was about Rover South Works. I am writing below a brief explanation about the video that we watched in the lesson:
The Rover Car Group is a company that employes more than twelve thousand people in the Central South region. The company's owner British Aerospace made a great recovery. It was 65 million pounds for last year so this was a obviously rise of 233% on their 1986 figure. They have got good models and they know how to manage the marketing strategy.
Barely, nowadays the company´s products selling has begun to get decreased. At their lowest in 1981 sales dropped to 435.000 and now The South Work employs 1500. The successful Rover 800 range would be made at Cowley´s North Works but it is not so much problem for the company because they have new models and labour relations.
The Rover Car Group is a company that employes more than twelve thousand people in the Central South region. The company's owner British Aerospace made a great recovery. It was 65 million pounds for last year so this was a obviously rise of 233% on their 1986 figure. They have got good models and they know how to manage the marketing strategy.
Barely, nowadays the company´s products selling has begun to get decreased. At their lowest in 1981 sales dropped to 435.000 and now The South Work employs 1500. The successful Rover 800 range would be made at Cowley´s North Works but it is not so much problem for the company because they have new models and labour relations.
28 Mayıs 2007 Pazartesi
Summarizing the main ideas
TEXTILES
*FIBRES
*FABRICS
TYPES OF FIBRE
Textile materials are made in three stages.
1-Spinning fibres into yarns.
2-Weaving or knitting yarns to make fabrics.
3-Finishing fabrics to make them more useful.
There are three types of textile fibres:
-Natural fibres
-Synthetic fibres:are continuous filament fibres,while natural fibres are usually short staple fibres.
The expection to this rule is silk-a natural fibre whose continuous filaments are up to one kilometre in length.
WHERE FIBRES COME FROM
Natural fibres come from plants and animals:cotton,linen,wool,silk.
Synthetic fibres are manufactured using plant materials and minerals:viscose,acrylic,nylon,polyester.
NATURAL FIBRES
1-Natural fibres from plants:Cotton is used making jeans,t-shirt and towels.Linen is used for summer clothing,tea towels and tablecloths.
2-Natural fibres from animals:Wool is used for jumpers,suits and blankets.Silk is used for evening wear and ties.
SYNTHETIC FIBRES
The main sythetic fibres are:
-Viskose is used for shirts,dresses and linings.
-Acrylic is used for jumpers,fleece jacketsand blankets.
-Polyester is used for rain coats,fleece jackets,medical textiles.
-Nylon is used for active sportswear,fleece jackets,socks and seat belts.
MODERN FIBRES
-Microfibres:Polyester or nylon microfibres are 60-100 times finer than a human hair.Microfibres are used for outdoor-pursuits clothing and active sportswear.
-Fibre blends:Blending different fibres together produces yarns that have the combined properties of each component fibre.Using fibre blends improvesthe appearence,performance,comfort and aftercare of fabric.
Blending can also reduce the cost of an expensive fibre.
FABRICS
Most fabrics are made by weaving or knitting yarns together.
Non-woven fabrics are made by bonding or felting fibres together.
*WOVEN FABRICS
Woven fabrics are made up of a weft
-the yarn going across the width of the fabric and a warp
-the yarn going down the the length og the loom.
The side of the fabric where the wefts are double back to form a non-fraying edge is called the selvedge.
*KNITTED FABRICS
There are two types of fabrics.
1-Weft -knitted fabrics are made by hand or machine.Weft knits are used for socks, t-shirt and jumpers.
2-Warp-knitted febric is made by machine and is used for swimwear,underwear and geotextiles.
*NON-WOVEN FABRICS
Non-woven fabric is made by bonding or felting and is used interlining,hats and slippers and in handcrafts.
*MODERN, SMART AND COMBINATION FABRICS
Modern and smart fabrics are designed to maximise characteristic such as lightness,breathability,waterproofing.They are usually manufactured using microfibres.
*CHOOSING MATERIALS
It is important to choose materials that are fit for their purpose.Choosing a fabric with the appropriate quality and cost will ensure that a pruduct will suit the target market and do the job it is intended.
*FIBRES
*FABRICS
TYPES OF FIBRE
Textile materials are made in three stages.
1-Spinning fibres into yarns.
2-Weaving or knitting yarns to make fabrics.
3-Finishing fabrics to make them more useful.
There are three types of textile fibres:
-Natural fibres
-Synthetic fibres:are continuous filament fibres,while natural fibres are usually short staple fibres.
The expection to this rule is silk-a natural fibre whose continuous filaments are up to one kilometre in length.
WHERE FIBRES COME FROM
Natural fibres come from plants and animals:cotton,linen,wool,silk.
Synthetic fibres are manufactured using plant materials and minerals:viscose,acrylic,nylon,polyester.
NATURAL FIBRES
1-Natural fibres from plants:Cotton is used making jeans,t-shirt and towels.Linen is used for summer clothing,tea towels and tablecloths.
2-Natural fibres from animals:Wool is used for jumpers,suits and blankets.Silk is used for evening wear and ties.
SYNTHETIC FIBRES
The main sythetic fibres are:
-Viskose is used for shirts,dresses and linings.
-Acrylic is used for jumpers,fleece jacketsand blankets.
-Polyester is used for rain coats,fleece jackets,medical textiles.
-Nylon is used for active sportswear,fleece jackets,socks and seat belts.
MODERN FIBRES
-Microfibres:Polyester or nylon microfibres are 60-100 times finer than a human hair.Microfibres are used for outdoor-pursuits clothing and active sportswear.
-Fibre blends:Blending different fibres together produces yarns that have the combined properties of each component fibre.Using fibre blends improvesthe appearence,performance,comfort and aftercare of fabric.
Blending can also reduce the cost of an expensive fibre.
FABRICS
Most fabrics are made by weaving or knitting yarns together.
Non-woven fabrics are made by bonding or felting fibres together.
*WOVEN FABRICS
Woven fabrics are made up of a weft
-the yarn going across the width of the fabric and a warp
-the yarn going down the the length og the loom.
The side of the fabric where the wefts are double back to form a non-fraying edge is called the selvedge.
*KNITTED FABRICS
There are two types of fabrics.
1-Weft -knitted fabrics are made by hand or machine.Weft knits are used for socks, t-shirt and jumpers.
2-Warp-knitted febric is made by machine and is used for swimwear,underwear and geotextiles.
*NON-WOVEN FABRICS
Non-woven fabric is made by bonding or felting and is used interlining,hats and slippers and in handcrafts.
*MODERN, SMART AND COMBINATION FABRICS
Modern and smart fabrics are designed to maximise characteristic such as lightness,breathability,waterproofing.They are usually manufactured using microfibres.
*CHOOSING MATERIALS
It is important to choose materials that are fit for their purpose.Choosing a fabric with the appropriate quality and cost will ensure that a pruduct will suit the target market and do the job it is intended.
Letter Writing(Asking for information)
I have chosen the second alternative from the asking for information part of the letter writing notes.
Mr Y.Matsumotu is the manager of a textile factory in Japan.He says that he saw some of the latest equipment at a trade fair recently.They need machines like that in their factory.But they will need some more details first.
Now,I am writing a letter below that includes how I would ask for information about the machines if I were Mr Y.Matsumotu.
HAKATA JAPAN
Fourth Floor
JAL Resort Sea Hawk Hotel Fukuoka
Chigyohama,
Chuo-ku Fukuoka
Japan 810-8650
Phone: 092-832-5101
Our Ref YM/gg
23 March 2007
Mr Tolga Kara
Managing Director
Tekstil
Konfeksiyon Makinalari
Ltd. Şti.
Gazi Osman Paşa Bulv. 556.sokak
IZMIR
Turkey
Dear Mr Kara
Order No.7450
We saw your Pegasus CA-2381 Machines at the World Textile Machines Fair in February.We intend to purchase machines like that in our factory to save time while producing our new silk-566 fabrics.
We have Pegasus CA-1234 Machines now.Our factory is small,and a machine would generally be used by three employees at least.We run 2000 meters fabric a day and prefer a machine that is faster,smaller and needs only one employee to be used.
We would be grateful if you could send us more details about Pegasus CA-2381 Machines.
We look forward to hearing from you soon.
Yours sincerely
Yangu Matsumotu
Managing Director
Mr Y.Matsumotu is the manager of a textile factory in Japan.He says that he saw some of the latest equipment at a trade fair recently.They need machines like that in their factory.But they will need some more details first.
Now,I am writing a letter below that includes how I would ask for information about the machines if I were Mr Y.Matsumotu.
HAKATA JAPAN
Fourth Floor
JAL Resort Sea Hawk Hotel Fukuoka
Chigyohama,
Chuo-ku Fukuoka
Japan 810-8650
Phone: 092-832-5101
Our Ref YM/gg
23 March 2007
Mr Tolga Kara
Managing Director
Tekstil
Konfeksiyon Makinalari
Ltd. Şti.
Gazi Osman Paşa Bulv. 556.sokak
IZMIR
Turkey
Dear Mr Kara
Order No.7450
We saw your Pegasus CA-2381 Machines at the World Textile Machines Fair in February.We intend to purchase machines like that in our factory to save time while producing our new silk-566 fabrics.
We have Pegasus CA-1234 Machines now.Our factory is small,and a machine would generally be used by three employees at least.We run 2000 meters fabric a day and prefer a machine that is faster,smaller and needs only one employee to be used.
We would be grateful if you could send us more details about Pegasus CA-2381 Machines.
We look forward to hearing from you soon.
Yours sincerely
Yangu Matsumotu
Managing Director
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